Sunday, October 30, 2011

Science -Eyes wide open

Eyes Of War (After effects cs5)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVt-oKdm4E8&NR=1

Abraham, Martin & John Bon Jovi 2001
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_vcTaDnLI8&feature=fvwrel

George W. Bush and Lyndon Johnson justify their wars
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9vt8E0gtY0

LYNDON JOHNSON TAPES: Eisenhower's Public Position on Vietnam War
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlKu9t9Q9x8

President Eisenhower - Farewell Warning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_II0H7X5O4&feature=related

President John F Kennedy Secret Society Speech version 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhZk8ronces

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1569483
Excerpt:
December 24, 2003
Current criticism over Halliburton's lucrative Iraq contracts has some historians drawing parallels to a similar controversy involving the company during Lyndon B. Johnson's administration.
Nearly 40 years ago, Halliburton faced almost identical charges over its work for the U.S. government in Vietnam — allegations of overcharging, sweetheart contracts from the White House and war profiteering. Back then, the company's close ties to President Johnson became a liability. Today — as NPR's John Burnett reports in the last of a three-part series — Halliburton seems to be distancing itself from its former chief executive officer, Vice President Dick Cheney.
The story of Halliburton's ties to the White House dates back to the 1940s, when a Texas firm called Brown & Root constructed a massive dam project near Austin. The company's founders, Herman and George Brown, won the contract to build Mansfield Dam thanks to the efforts of Johnson, who was then a Texas congressman.
After Johnson took over the Oval Office, Brown & Root won contracts for huge construction projects for the federal government. By the mid-1960s, newspaper columnists and the Republican minority in Congress began to suggest that the company's good luck was tied to its sizable contributions to Johnson's political campaign.


http://teamsternation.blogspot.com/2011/07/us-govt-subcontractor-enslaved-1k.html
Excerpt:
Much of the work for which KBR contracts is done by a vast network of subcontractors such as Najlaa, the one accused of trafficking (i.e., slavery). In December 2008, South Asian workers protested outside of Baghdad because as many as a thousand of them were incarcerated in a windowless warehouse and other inhumane living quarters for as long as three months. (We call that slavery.)
ISCAN Pupillometry System
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Whc-_2dOEQQ

Learning with Lennart
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_PgPFSV_hs


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_(psycholinguistics)
Excerpt:
TRACE is a connectionist model of speech perception, proposed by James McClelland and Jeffrey Elman in 1986.[1] TRACE was made into a working computer program for running perceptual simulations. These simulations are predictions about how a human mind/brain processes speech sounds and words as they are heard in real time.



http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090324131554.htm
Excerpt:

New View Of The Way Young Children Think

ScienceDaily (Mar. 24, 2009) — For parents who have found themselves repeating the same warnings or directions to their toddler over and over to no avail, new research from the University of Colorado at Boulder offers them an answer as to why their toddlers don't listen to their advice: they're just storing it away for later.
Scientists -- and many parents -- have long believed that children's brains operate like those of little adults. The thinking was that over time kids learn things like proactively planning for and understanding how actions in the present affect them in the future. But the new study suggests that this is not the case.
"The good news is what we're saying to our kids doesn't go in one ear and out the other, like people might have thought," said CU-Boulder psychology Professor Yuko Munakata, who conducted the study with CU doctoral student Christopher Chatham and Michael Frank of Brown University. "It also doesn't go in and then get put into action like it does with adults. But rather it goes in and gets stored away for later."
"I went into this study expecting a completely different set of findings," said Munakata. "There is a lot of work in the field of cognitive development that focuses on how kids are basically little versions of adults trying to do the same things adults do, but they're just not as good at it yet. What we show here is they are doing something completely different."
During the study, the CU-Boulder researchers used a computer game designed for children, and a technique known as pupillometry -- a process that measures the diameter of the pupil of the eye to determine the mental effort of the child -- to study the cognitive abilities of 3-and-a-half-year-olds and 8-year-olds.
The computer game involved teaching children simple rules about two cartoon characters -- Blue from Blue's Clues and SpongeBob Squarepants -- and their preferences for different objects. In the directions for the game, children were told that Blue likes watermelon, so they were to press the happy face on the computer screen only when they saw Blue followed by a watermelon. When SpongeBob appeared, they were told to press the sad face on the screen.
"The older kids found this sequence easy, because they can anticipate the answer before the object appears," Chatham said. "But preschoolers fail to anticipate in this way. Instead, they slow down and exert mental effort after being presented with the watermelon, as if they're thinking back to the character they had seen only after the fact."
Using pupillometry to determine the time at which children exerted mental effort, the speed of their responses for each type of sequence and the relative accuracy of those responses, the researchers found that children neither plan for the future nor live completely in the present. Instead, they call up the past as they need it.
"For example, let's say it's cold outside and you tell your 3-year-old to go get his jacket out of his bedroom and get ready to go outside. You might expect the child to plan for the future, think 'OK it's cold outside so the jacket will keep me warm,' " said Chatham. "But what we suggest is that this isn't what goes on in a 3-year-old's brain. Rather, they run outside, discover that it is cold, and then retrieve the memory of where their jacket is, and then they go get it."
Munakata doesn't claim to be a parental expert, but she does think their new study has relevance to parents' daily interactions with their toddlers.
"If you just repeat something again and again that requires your young child to prepare for something in advance, that is not likely to be effective," Munakata said. "What would be more effective would be to somehow try to trigger this reactive function. So don't do something that requires them to plan ahead in their mind, but rather try to highlight the conflict that they are going to face. Perhaps you could say something like 'I know you don't want to take your coat now, but when you're standing in the yard shivering later, remember that you can get your coat from your bedroom."
Munakata said the findings have broader implications for research in the field of cognitive development.
"Further study could help people figure out why kids are doing poorly or well in different educational settings," she said.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuko_Munakata
Excerpt:
Yuko Munakata is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Colorado. She has specialized in developmental cognitive neuroscience, taking a connectionist approach to cognitive development. Her research investigates the processing mechanisms underlying cognitive development, using converging evidence from behavior, computational modeling, and cognitive neuroscience. She also focuses on understanding the prevalence of task-dependent behaviors during the first years of life.[1] Munakata received a B.A. in symbolic systems from Stanford University in 1991; a Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University in 1996, where her advisor was James McClelland; and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1996-1997. She worked at the University of Denver from 1997–2001, and joined the faculty of the University of Colorado in 2002, but continues to work at DU as an adjunct professor of psychology.[2] Munakata is a member of the Institute of Cognitive Sciences and the Center for Neuroscience at CU.[3]

http://www.cogain.org/wiki/Eye_Trackers
Excerpt:

Eye Trackers

From COGAIN: Communication by Gaze Interaction

Jump to: navigation, search
A catalogue of currently available eye trackers, categorized into systems for assistive technology, research purposes etc.

Contents

[hide]

Eye Trackers for Assistive Technology and AAC

Commercial eye tracking systems that are used for controlling a computer or as communication aids by people with disabilities.

Eyetrackers for eye movement research, analysis and evaluation

  • AmTech GmbH, Compact Intergrated Pupillograph (CIP), Pupillograhic Sleepiness Test (PST), table mounted, monocular, video based systems
  • Applied Science Laboratories, ASL, eye tracking and pupillometry systems, both IROG (limbus tracker) and VOG (video) based systems, both head mounted and remote tracking, also mobile tracking!
  • Arrington Research, ViewPoint EyeTracker, both remote and head mounted, video based
  • Cambridge Research Systems Ltd., MR-Eyetracker, a low-cost, contact-free eyetracker for fMRI & MEG
  • Chronos Vision eye tracking devices are used in e.g. neuroscience, ophthalmology, refractive surgery or clinical research. The classic Chronos Eye Tracker was deployed on the International Space Station (ISS) in early 2004 and is in continuous use for the study of eye and head coordination during long-term stays in the weightlessness of spaceflight.
  • CLS ProFakt Ltd, offers eye tracking services, analysis software and an integrated virtual shopping with eye-tracking tool for FMCG manufacturers
  • EL-MAR Inc., VISION 2000, portable head mounted video based eye-tracking systems
  • Ergoneers Dikablis, Soft- and hardwaresuite D-Lab & Dikablis for planning, performing and analyzing eye-tracking and behavioral experiments; fully automated gaze-data analysis in any environment without any restrictions in head and body movement for a motion range of 500m with Dikablis Wireless eye-tracking system.
  • Eye-Com wearable eye tracking and head tracking for clinical and human factors research.
  • EyeTech Digital Systems, EyeTech TM3 Eye Tracker Add-on, Research Package, and MegaTracker with free API with full access to raw gaze data and eye metrics
  • EyeTracking, Inc., technology developed by Marshall & CERF, San Diego State University
  • Fourward Technologies, Inc., Dual-Purkinje-Image (DPI) Eyetracker, mainly for research purposes
  • ILAB, eye movement analysis software, works with a number of common eye trackers by ASL, ISCAN, and SMI, reads also CORTEX files
  • Interactive Minds, Eye tracking software and tools
  • Interactive Systems Labs, Model-based face and gaze tracking (from video image), Carnegie Mellon University
  • Iota AB, EyeTrace Systems, head mounted, binocular, video and IR based eye trace systems
  • ISCAN, Eye & Target Tracking Instrumentation, head mounted and remote eye tracking systems, single and multible target video tracking systems
  • LC Technologies Inc., a remote video based eyegaze development system for human factors research
  • Mangold International, MangoldVision for lightweight, portable eye tracking, solutions for both remote and head-mounted eye tracking. Software for data recording and analysis.
  • Metrovision, MonEOG: Electro-oculography (EOG) potential measurement based gaze tracking, MonVOG1&2: video-oculography (VOG) based gaze tracking
  • Mirametrix, Portable, remote, USB based eye tracking for academic and market research with the S1 eye tracker and easy to use open standard API
  • NAC Image Technology, NAC EMR-8 eye path tracking (IROG based)
  • Ober Consulting Poland: JAZZ-novo, portable multisensor system with IR based eye-tracker (1 kHz temporal resolution), head rotation and tilt measurement, blood pulse monitoring, voice recording and optional video context recording, designed to study human interaction with environment.
  • Ober Consulting Poland: Saccadometer, portable eye movement laboratory for study on saccadic reactions using multiple diagnostic experiments, integrated stimulation and eye movement measurement and recording system, head mounted, IR based (1 kHz temporal resolution).
  • Optomotor Laboratories, Express-Eye, a stand-alone eye tracker with saccade analysis, and FixTrain, a small hand held device for daily training of saccadic eye movement control
  • Primelec, D. Florin, Angle-Meter NT, a digitally controlled scleral search coil system for the linear detection of 3D angular eye and head movements
  • Seeing Machines, faceLAB, a 3D head position and eye-gaze direction tracking system (VOG based)
  • SensoMotoric Instruments GmbH, Remote (RED), head mounted (HED) and Hi-Speed eye and gaze tracking for research and applied science, open programming interface and comprehensive stimulus/analysis software.
  • Skalar Medical BV, head mounted Chronos and IRIS eye trackers, Scleral Search Coil Systems
  • Smart Eye AB, eye tracking analysis based on any standard camera(s), analog or digital
  • SR Research Ltd, EyeLink II, video based, head mounted eye tracking system
  • Synthetic Environments, Inc., EyeTalk integrates voice recognition and eye-tracking
  • TestUsability, EyeCatcher system measures eye scanning and mouse clicking, a helmet fitted with cameras, optics and a microphone
  • Thomas RECORDING GmbH, Eye-Tracking-System (ET-49) system, constructed for neuro-scientific purposes and enables a laboratory to correlate the monkey's eye position
  • Tobii Technology, Tobii T60 and T120 Eye Trackers - both integrated into a 17" TFT monitor, and Tobii X120 Eye Tracker - a standalone eye tracking unit designed for eye tracking studies relative to any surface.

Open source gaze tracking and freeware eye tracking

This list contains low-cost, free and open source eye tracking systems and research prototypes, and information that should help in building your own eye tracker. Some of them are targeted at people with disabilities (eye-control systems), some for more general eye tracking and research.
  • EyeWriter, low-cost eye-tracking apparatus & custom open-source software that allows graffiti writers and artists with paralysis to draw using only their eyes.
  • ITU Gaze Tracker, works with a webcam or videocamera with nightvision and infrared illumination.
  • openEyes, open-source open-hardware toolkit for low-cost real-time eye tracking
    See also the Windows version by Joel Clemens.
  • Opengazer, open-source gaze tracker for ordinary webcams.
  • TrackEye: Real-Time Tracking Of Human Eyes Using a Webcam. Implemented in C++ using the OpenCV library.
  • myEye, eye-tracking software to allow people with severe motor disabilities to use gaze as an input device for interacting with a computer. Beta version of the prototype software available for download.

Low-cost eye tracking

  • Bink-IT, a communication and environmental control system based on eye blinks by Ober Consulting.
  • Dias Eye Tracker, low cost eye tracker developed by Diako Mardanbeigi at the Iran University of Science & Technology.
  • I4Control®, low-cost eye control system (under development)
  • Magic Key, low-cost eye control system (under development)

Open source and freeware eye movement analysis tools

  • CARPE "Computational and Algorithmic Representation and Processing of Eye-movements" visualisation and analysis tool by the DIEM (Dynamic Images and Eye-Movements) Project
  • COGAIN ETU Driver, Eye-Tracking Universal (Standard) Driver, which helps the developer to build tracker-independent applications and test them off-line with a gaze data simulator!
  • iComponent, tracker-independent analysis and visualization tool by Oleg Spakov.
  • GWM: Gaze-to-Word Mapping Tool, a collection of gaze-to-word mapping engines, text mask creators and translation, and more...
  • OGAMA (OpenGazeAndMouseAnalyzer), an open source software designed to analyze eye and mouse movements in slideshow study designs
  • RITCode analysis tool for captured eye tracker video files, created by the Rochester Institute Of Technology Visual Perception Lab.

See also

See also: Eye Gaze Communication Board, low-tech eye pointing, cheap (self-made) gaze communication board, "first aid" solution for acute communication need

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_recognition
Excerpt:

ColourIris.png
NIRIris.png


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndall_effect
Excerpt:Blue irises

A blue iris
A blue iris in an eye is due to Tyndall scattering in a turbid layer in the iris. Brown and black irises have the same layer except with more melanin in it. The melanin absorbs light. In the absence of melanin, the layer is translucent (i.e., the light passing through is randomly and diffusely scattered) and a noticeable portion of the light that enters this turbid layer re-emerges via a scattered path. That is, there is backscatter, the redirection of the lightwaves back out to the open air. Scattering takes place to a greater extent at the shorter wavelengths. The longer wavelengths tend to pass straight through the turbid layer with unaltered paths, and then encounter the next layer further back in the iris, which is a light absorber. Thus the longer wavelengths are not reflected (by scattering) back to the open air as much as the shorter wavelengths are. Since the shorter wavelengths are the blue wavelengths, this gives rise to a blue hue in the light that comes out of the eye.[1] The blue iris is an example of a structural color, in contradistinction to a pigment color.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin
Excerpt:
In humans, melanin is the primary determinant of skin color. It is also found in hair, the pigmented tissue underlying the iris of the eye, and the stria vascularis of the inner ear. In the brain, tissues with melanin include the medulla and zona reticularis of the adrenal gland, and pigment-bearing neurons within areas of the brainstem, such as the locus coeruleus and the substantia nigra.
The melanin in the skin is produced by melanocytes, which are found in the basal layer of the epidermis. Although, in general, human beings possess a similar concentration of melanocytes in their skin, the melanocytes in some individuals and ethnic groups more frequently or less frequently express the melanin-producing genes, thereby conferring a greater or lesser concentration of skin melanin. Some individual animals and humans have very little or no melanin in their bodies, a condition known as albinism.
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